A new moon only eclipses the Sun if it happens within about fifteen degrees of the point where the Moon's orbit crosses Earth's — roughly a day and a bit of travel.

Outside that window the Moon passes above or below the Sun and nothing happens, which is most months. The window for a lunar eclipse is tighter still, about twelve degrees, because Earth's shadow is a smaller target than the Sun's disc. Those two numbers are the whole reason eclipses are events rather than routine.