Harvest Moon
Every other night of the year the Moon rises about fifty minutes later than it did the night before. Around the September equinox it rises only twenty-five or thirty minutes later at mid-northern latitudes, and less than that further north — because the Moon's path is running at a shallow angle to the evening horizon, so a night's worth of eastward movement costs very little rising time. The result is several evenings in a row with a bright moon arriving just as the light goes, instead of the usual hour of darkness in between. Before tractors had headlights, that was the difference between getting a crop in and not.
Where the name comes from
This one is genuinely old in English: 'harvest moon' is attested well before the almanac lists that carry the other eleven, and it is named for something anybody working outdoors would have noticed without being told. The effect is real and is strongest at high latitudes — in northern Scotland successive moonrises can be barely fifteen minutes apart.
Also called Corn Moon, Barley Moon.
Oxford English Dictionary; the geometry is in Meeus ch. 15